Equine Therapy Treatment Centers in Charlotte, NC

Photo of Newport Academy, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Newport Academy
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28227
Our team includes psychiatrists, psychologists, family therapists, eating disorder therapists, nurse practitioners, counselors, equine therapists, art therapists, music therapists, adventure therapists, registered dietitians, nutritionists, teachers, and private tutors, with a wide range of degrees and experience.
At Newport Academy, we know that treatment financing can make all the difference in receiving quality treatment. To that end, we promote collaborative relationships with all healthcare payers to optimize the benefit coverage for families in need. We accept all major insurance, and up to 100 percent of our services are covered. Our goal is to partner with insurers to address the adolescent and young adult mental health crisis, by reaching more families and helping them achieve sustainable recovery. If you’re interested in exploring the possibility of treatment at Newport Academy for your loved one’s mental health, behavioral health, or substance abuse issues, we can begin the insurance verification process immediately. Furthermore, we are happy to obtain your insurance policy information and seek verification on your behalf. You can also expedite this process by completing the insurance verification form on our website. There is no obligation to either Newport Academy or to your insurance provider.
Our team includes psychiatrists, psychologists, family therapists, eating disorder therapists, nurse practitioners, counselors, equine therapists, art therapists, music therapists, adventure therapists, registered dietitians, nutritionists, teachers, and private tutors, with a wide range of degrees and experience.
At Newport Academy, we know that treatment financing can make all the difference in receiving quality treatment. To that end, we promote collaborative relationships with all healthcare payers to optimize the benefit coverage for families in need. We accept all major insurance, and up to 100 percent of our services are covered. Our goal is to partner with insurers to address the adolescent and young adult mental health crisis, by reaching more families and helping them achieve sustainable recovery. If you’re interested in exploring the possibility of treatment at Newport Academy for your loved one’s mental health, behavioral health, or substance abuse issues, we can begin the insurance verification process immediately. Furthermore, we are happy to obtain your insurance policy information and seek verification on your behalf. You can also expedite this process by completing the insurance verification form on our website. There is no obligation to either Newport Academy or to your insurance provider.
(704) 761-7919 View (704) 761-7919
Photo of Triple Play Farm, LLC, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Triple Play Farm, LLC
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28272
How are we different from other local equine therapy programs? For one, we offer behavioral health services only.
Are you looking for an alternative to traditional office based therapy or a jump start to get unstuck? Triple Play Farm offers an experiential approach to counseling in a private and peaceful setting in Rowan County, North Carolina. Our highly trained staff of licensed clinicians and equine specialists will guide you through activities to facilitate a greater understanding of your thought and behavior patterns. We serve children and adults ages twelve and up who are struggling with challenges related to ADD/ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, PTSD, marital challenges and more. It is our privilege to walk beside our clients for even a small part of their journey.
How are we different from other local equine therapy programs? For one, we offer behavioral health services only.
Are you looking for an alternative to traditional office based therapy or a jump start to get unstuck? Triple Play Farm offers an experiential approach to counseling in a private and peaceful setting in Rowan County, North Carolina. Our highly trained staff of licensed clinicians and equine specialists will guide you through activities to facilitate a greater understanding of your thought and behavior patterns. We serve children and adults ages twelve and up who are struggling with challenges related to ADD/ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, PTSD, marital challenges and more. It is our privilege to walk beside our clients for even a small part of their journey.
(980) 400-3242 View (980) 400-3242
Photo of Evolve Teen Dual Diagnosis Treatment, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Evolve Teen Dual Diagnosis Treatment
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28269
At Evolve, we provide the highest caliber of evidence-based treatment for teens aged 12-17 struggling with dual diagnosis, depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, ADHD, self-harming or high-risk behaviors, suicidality, and other mental health/behavioral issues. Our emphasis on safety and individualized attention are reasons why so many families from all over the country choose Evolve. Our primary therapeutic modalities include Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Teens participate in individual and family therapy at least 5 times a week, weekly psychiatry sessions, and daily groups (on DBT Skills Training, Anger Management, Seeking Safety, and Relapse Prevention), as well as learning coping skills and participating in daily academics. For families from out-of-state, we conduct family therapy remotely. We offer daily experiential activities proven to support recovery (e.g. equine therapy, surf, art, drama, music, yoga, etc.) and 12-Step/SMART Recovery programs for those struggling with dual diagnoses. We offer gender-affirming care for LGBTQ+ and transgender teens.
At Evolve, we provide the highest caliber of evidence-based treatment for teens aged 12-17 struggling with dual diagnosis, depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, ADHD, self-harming or high-risk behaviors, suicidality, and other mental health/behavioral issues. Our emphasis on safety and individualized attention are reasons why so many families from all over the country choose Evolve. Our primary therapeutic modalities include Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Teens participate in individual and family therapy at least 5 times a week, weekly psychiatry sessions, and daily groups (on DBT Skills Training, Anger Management, Seeking Safety, and Relapse Prevention), as well as learning coping skills and participating in daily academics. For families from out-of-state, we conduct family therapy remotely. We offer daily experiential activities proven to support recovery (e.g. equine therapy, surf, art, drama, music, yoga, etc.) and 12-Step/SMART Recovery programs for those struggling with dual diagnoses. We offer gender-affirming care for LGBTQ+ and transgender teens.
(858) 683-1268 View (858) 683-1268
Photo of Tennessee Valley Recovery, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Tennessee Valley Recovery
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28203
Our clinical program offers: Life Skills, Anger Management, CBT groups, DBT groups, Yoga, Reiki, Adventure Therapy, Art Therapy, Music Therapy, Equine Therapy, Money Management Classes, 12-Step Groups, and Guided Meditation.
Our ideal client is anyone dealing with a substance abuse issue (regardless of the substance) or a mental health condition who needs support and guidance down whatever path to recovery they choose to take. Treatment always works best when the client is motivated to make a change in their life and open minded to what that change may look like.
Our clinical program offers: Life Skills, Anger Management, CBT groups, DBT groups, Yoga, Reiki, Adventure Therapy, Art Therapy, Music Therapy, Equine Therapy, Money Management Classes, 12-Step Groups, and Guided Meditation.
Our ideal client is anyone dealing with a substance abuse issue (regardless of the substance) or a mental health condition who needs support and guidance down whatever path to recovery they choose to take. Treatment always works best when the client is motivated to make a change in their life and open minded to what that change may look like.
(866) 726-2131 View (866) 726-2131
Photo of Equuvation at Rocky Creek Ranch, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Equuvation at Rocky Creek Ranch
Treatment Center, LCSW, LCMHC, ESMHL, CTRI
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28202
There is a movement towards nature-based, equine and animal-assisted psychotherapy as an alternative to traditional talk therapy modalities.
Equuvation at Rocky Creek Ranch offers nature-based and equine-facilitated outpatient behavioral health services. Immersed in more than five hundred acres of natural landscape, clients are able to seek alternatives to traditional talk therapy for a variety of challenges relating to trauma, abuse, chronic illness, anxiety, depression, PTSD, ADHD, and Autism. Through the mindful development of our facility, both people and animals are able to find sanctuary here. Our team of credentialed equine specialists and licensed clinicians are highly compassionate and ethical with a passion for continuing education. We look forward to meeting you. (Please note: we are not a crisis center or a residential treatment facility.)
There is a movement towards nature-based, equine and animal-assisted psychotherapy as an alternative to traditional talk therapy modalities.
Equuvation at Rocky Creek Ranch offers nature-based and equine-facilitated outpatient behavioral health services. Immersed in more than five hundred acres of natural landscape, clients are able to seek alternatives to traditional talk therapy for a variety of challenges relating to trauma, abuse, chronic illness, anxiety, depression, PTSD, ADHD, and Autism. Through the mindful development of our facility, both people and animals are able to find sanctuary here. Our team of credentialed equine specialists and licensed clinicians are highly compassionate and ethical with a passion for continuing education. We look forward to meeting you. (Please note: we are not a crisis center or a residential treatment facility.)
(980) 434-0440 View (980) 434-0440
Photo of Tapestry Behavioral Health Treatment Program, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Tapestry Behavioral Health Treatment Program
Treatment Center, LPC
Not Verified Not Verified
Charlotte, NC 28202
At Tapestry's premier eating disorder treatment facilities in Western North Carolina, you and your family will be treated with respect while you heal. Tapestry Eating Disorder Treatment Centers can help you reclaim your life and help you on your path to long-lasting recovery. Our knowledgeable treatment team specializes in treating eating disorders and co-occurring disorders. We are here to help you on your journey to recovery.
At Tapestry's premier eating disorder treatment facilities in Western North Carolina, you and your family will be treated with respect while you heal. Tapestry Eating Disorder Treatment Centers can help you reclaim your life and help you on your path to long-lasting recovery. Our knowledgeable treatment team specializes in treating eating disorders and co-occurring disorders. We are here to help you on your journey to recovery.
(828) 554-7998 View (828) 554-7998
Photo of Oasis Recovery Center, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Oasis Recovery Center
Treatment Center, MS, LCAS, CCS
Not Verified Not Verified
Charlotte, NC 28207
At Oasis Recovery, located in the beautiful mountains of Asheville, North Carolina, we are dedicated to providing a supportive environment for people who are recovering from addiction and alcoholism. Through extensive avenues of support, our program aims to accompany and assist recovering individuals, throughout each phase of their process. Whether one is seeking intervention, an outpatient program, or extended aftercare, we are here to support them. Through a diverse array of therapeutic services, with a focus on individualized care, our goals are: to help facilitate freedom from addiction, alleviate suffering, renew inspired action, and uncover a newfound purpose for each individual who walks through our doors.
At Oasis Recovery, located in the beautiful mountains of Asheville, North Carolina, we are dedicated to providing a supportive environment for people who are recovering from addiction and alcoholism. Through extensive avenues of support, our program aims to accompany and assist recovering individuals, throughout each phase of their process. Whether one is seeking intervention, an outpatient program, or extended aftercare, we are here to support them. Through a diverse array of therapeutic services, with a focus on individualized care, our goals are: to help facilitate freedom from addiction, alleviate suffering, renew inspired action, and uncover a newfound purpose for each individual who walks through our doors.
(828) 373-8228 View (828) 373-8228
Photo of Newport Academy, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Newport Academy
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28207
Strengthening authentic connections with self and others—including healing disruptions in the parent-child bond—is at the heart of our treatment approach. Teens in our outpatient and residential programs build self-compassion, resilience, healthy coping skills, and more trusting relationships with parents and peers. Each client’s individualized treatment plan is informed by their specific needs and history and designed by mental health treatment specialists who are the best in their respective fields. Teens are surrounded by 360-degree care, with a team that includes a psychiatrist, individual therapists, family therapists, experiential therapists, and other experts focused on treating underlying issues and external manifestations of mental health conditions. Moreover, our outcomes research sets us apart, continually validating the positive impact of our treatment model despite the increasing acuity of clients’ diagnoses.
Strengthening authentic connections with self and others—including healing disruptions in the parent-child bond—is at the heart of our treatment approach. Teens in our outpatient and residential programs build self-compassion, resilience, healthy coping skills, and more trusting relationships with parents and peers. Each client’s individualized treatment plan is informed by their specific needs and history and designed by mental health treatment specialists who are the best in their respective fields. Teens are surrounded by 360-degree care, with a team that includes a psychiatrist, individual therapists, family therapists, experiential therapists, and other experts focused on treating underlying issues and external manifestations of mental health conditions. Moreover, our outcomes research sets us apart, continually validating the positive impact of our treatment model despite the increasing acuity of clients’ diagnoses.
(980) 372-1975 View (980) 372-1975
Photo of Insight Recovery Center, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Insight Recovery Center
Treatment Center, LCAS, CCS, CADC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28201
Our clinician-founded and operated recovery center offers a mindfulness-based, comprehensive, evidence based, and integrative approach to recovery. We give you the individual attention you deserve; you are truly seen and heard on an individual level. When it comes to addiction treatment we strongly believe in the value of quality over quantity. Therefore we have intentionally created our program to be a small, client focused program treating only 16 individuals at a time. We offer Primary Treatment and Intensive Outpatient levels of care with 24 hour care. Insurance is accepted, financing and payment plans available.
Our clinician-founded and operated recovery center offers a mindfulness-based, comprehensive, evidence based, and integrative approach to recovery. We give you the individual attention you deserve; you are truly seen and heard on an individual level. When it comes to addiction treatment we strongly believe in the value of quality over quantity. Therefore we have intentionally created our program to be a small, client focused program treating only 16 individuals at a time. We offer Primary Treatment and Intensive Outpatient levels of care with 24 hour care. Insurance is accepted, financing and payment plans available.
(828) 471-4650 View (828) 471-4650
Photo of Smoky Mountain Lodge, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Smoky Mountain Lodge
Treatment Center, MSW, LC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28201
Located just outside of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Pasadena Villa’s Smoky Mountain Lodge offers a serene mountain environment that’s perfect for a peaceful road to recovery. Our dedicated staff, top-notch amenities, and serene location allow for an ideal venue of healing and assimilation back into society, at whatever pace is best for a person’s needs. Pasadena Villa is one of America's premier residential psychiatric treatment providers for adults with complex psychiatric disorders. We offer compassionate, comprehensive, individualized psychiatric and psycho therapeutic care.
Located just outside of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Pasadena Villa’s Smoky Mountain Lodge offers a serene mountain environment that’s perfect for a peaceful road to recovery. Our dedicated staff, top-notch amenities, and serene location allow for an ideal venue of healing and assimilation back into society, at whatever pace is best for a person’s needs. Pasadena Villa is one of America's premier residential psychiatric treatment providers for adults with complex psychiatric disorders. We offer compassionate, comprehensive, individualized psychiatric and psycho therapeutic care.
(865) 217-2189 View (865) 217-2189
Photo of BriteLife Recovery South Carolina, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
BriteLife Recovery South Carolina
Treatment Center, PhD
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28201
At BriteLife South Carolina, we provide innovative, client-focused and evidence-based addiction treatment in residential, partial hospitalization, and intensive outpatient settings. Our world-renowned clinical leaders are committed to providing you with an inspiring healing experience that focuses on your total health and wellness in recovery from addiction and related conditions. In addition to addiction recovery programs, we offer comprehensive co-occurring mental health disorder treatment. Combining data-driven, evidence-based treatment with a fresh, compassionate approach, BriteLife Recovery provides superior and committed care to help those on their journey toward a healthy and successful recovery. We also place great emphasis on empowering our team members by giving them the training and flexibility needed to truly care for and support our clients. Our culture creates a foundation that is built upon communication, collaboration, compassion, and integrity—all of which are necessary to craft unique and effective treatment plans that cater to each client’s needs and goals.
At BriteLife South Carolina, we provide innovative, client-focused and evidence-based addiction treatment in residential, partial hospitalization, and intensive outpatient settings. Our world-renowned clinical leaders are committed to providing you with an inspiring healing experience that focuses on your total health and wellness in recovery from addiction and related conditions. In addition to addiction recovery programs, we offer comprehensive co-occurring mental health disorder treatment. Combining data-driven, evidence-based treatment with a fresh, compassionate approach, BriteLife Recovery provides superior and committed care to help those on their journey toward a healthy and successful recovery. We also place great emphasis on empowering our team members by giving them the training and flexibility needed to truly care for and support our clients. Our culture creates a foundation that is built upon communication, collaboration, compassion, and integrity—all of which are necessary to craft unique and effective treatment plans that cater to each client’s needs and goals.
(843) 428-6951 View (843) 428-6951
Photo of The Stables Autism Program, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
The Stables Autism Program
Treatment Center, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28226
The Stables Autism Care & Support offers a tranquil environment that is ideal for reconnecting with nature and animals while experiencing healthy social engagement. We accept adult males (age 18 and older), who are living on the spectrum and have not achieved or sustained the level of social, academic, occupational, employment and family functioning desired.he serene mountain environment that surrounds Pasadena Villa is the perfect place for a peaceful road to recovery. Our retreat-like setting helps individuals on the autism spectrum to explore the vulnerabilities that interfere with self-awareness, acceptance, and growth, ultimately creating a unique opportunity to develop life strategies and the inner-strength necessary for sustained success. We provide evidence-based therapeutic activities and outdoor experiences that include Cades Cove, Wears Valley Ranch, Little Pigeon River, and the Smoky Mountain National Park that allows individuals to engage in hiking, mountain biking, camping, fishing, and horseback riding.
The Stables Autism Care & Support offers a tranquil environment that is ideal for reconnecting with nature and animals while experiencing healthy social engagement. We accept adult males (age 18 and older), who are living on the spectrum and have not achieved or sustained the level of social, academic, occupational, employment and family functioning desired.he serene mountain environment that surrounds Pasadena Villa is the perfect place for a peaceful road to recovery. Our retreat-like setting helps individuals on the autism spectrum to explore the vulnerabilities that interfere with self-awareness, acceptance, and growth, ultimately creating a unique opportunity to develop life strategies and the inner-strength necessary for sustained success. We provide evidence-based therapeutic activities and outdoor experiences that include Cades Cove, Wears Valley Ranch, Little Pigeon River, and the Smoky Mountain National Park that allows individuals to engage in hiking, mountain biking, camping, fishing, and horseback riding.
(865) 217-2196 View (865) 217-2196
Photo of Embark Behavioral Health, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Embark Behavioral Health
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28217
Embark Behavioral Health is a leading network of exceptional treatment and therapy programs across the United States. We specialize in preteens, teens, and young adults, struggling with anxiety, depression, and other mental health and substance abuse issues. Our programs include in-home treatment, virtual coaching and counseling, outpatient clinics, that offer intensive outpatient programs (IOPs), and therapeutic day treatment programs, also known as a partial hospitalization program (PHPs), wilderness therapy, short-term residential treatment programs, long-term residential treatment, therapeutic boarding schools, and young adult transitional living options.
Embark Behavioral Health is a leading network of exceptional treatment and therapy programs across the United States. We specialize in preteens, teens, and young adults, struggling with anxiety, depression, and other mental health and substance abuse issues. Our programs include in-home treatment, virtual coaching and counseling, outpatient clinics, that offer intensive outpatient programs (IOPs), and therapeutic day treatment programs, also known as a partial hospitalization program (PHPs), wilderness therapy, short-term residential treatment programs, long-term residential treatment, therapeutic boarding schools, and young adult transitional living options.
(571) 364-7191 View (571) 364-7191
Photo of Turning Point of Tampa, LLC, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Turning Point of Tampa, LLC
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28223
In 1989, Turning Point of Tampa developed what is now known as a nationally recognized Eating Disorders Program. The program is designed to provide opportunities for male and female clients with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder to explore personal issues in a supportive environment. Turning Point of Tampa utilizes a 12-step approach to recover and focuses on the development of coping skills to deal with day-to-day stressors to encourage mental, emotional, spiritual and physical wellness. This includes individualized abstinent food plans, individual and group counseling, body image groups, education on meal planning, food shopping, meal preparation, weighing & measuring of food and eating meals as a group. Eating Disorders are progressive, addictive, dangerous and potentially fatal. Turning Point of Tampa encourages the development of healthy eating, balanced exercise, positive body image and assertive communication skills.
In 1989, Turning Point of Tampa developed what is now known as a nationally recognized Eating Disorders Program. The program is designed to provide opportunities for male and female clients with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder to explore personal issues in a supportive environment. Turning Point of Tampa utilizes a 12-step approach to recover and focuses on the development of coping skills to deal with day-to-day stressors to encourage mental, emotional, spiritual and physical wellness. This includes individualized abstinent food plans, individual and group counseling, body image groups, education on meal planning, food shopping, meal preparation, weighing & measuring of food and eating meals as a group. Eating Disorders are progressive, addictive, dangerous and potentially fatal. Turning Point of Tampa encourages the development of healthy eating, balanced exercise, positive body image and assertive communication skills.
(813) 491-8124 View (813) 491-8124
Photo of Embark Behavioral Health , Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Embark Behavioral Health
Treatment Center
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28242
Embark Behavioral Health is a leading network of exceptional treatment and therapy programs across the United States. We specialize in preteens, teens, and young adults struggling with anxiety, depression, and other mental health and substance abuse issues. Our programs include in-home treatment, virtual coaching and counseling, outpatient clinics that offer intensive outpatient programs (IOPs) and therapeutic day treatment programs, also known as a partial hospitalization program (PHPs), wilderness therapy, short-term residential treatment programs, long-term residential treatment, therapeutic boarding schools, and young adult transitional living options.
Embark Behavioral Health is a leading network of exceptional treatment and therapy programs across the United States. We specialize in preteens, teens, and young adults struggling with anxiety, depression, and other mental health and substance abuse issues. Our programs include in-home treatment, virtual coaching and counseling, outpatient clinics that offer intensive outpatient programs (IOPs) and therapeutic day treatment programs, also known as a partial hospitalization program (PHPs), wilderness therapy, short-term residential treatment programs, long-term residential treatment, therapeutic boarding schools, and young adult transitional living options.
(423) 205-1078 View (423) 205-1078

Online Treatment Centers

Photo of Full Life Counseling & Recovery, Treatment Center in Charlotte, NC
Full Life Counseling & Recovery
Treatment Center, MAEd, LCMHC-S, LCAS, CCS
Not Verified Not Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27104
We bring hope to families living in fear, and we help direct individuals and families to treatment resources and other recovery resources that are consistent with each families needs, preferences and resources. As independent addiction specialists, we have no affiliation with any specific treatment program, which allows us the freedom to make referrals that are most appropriate for the individual. While we honor & appreciate the legacy of 12-step recovery, we recognize that there are many other pathways to recovery. Our mission is to bring hope, guidance, support and community for individuals and families affected by substance use or mental health disorders in pursuit of a full life in recovery.
We bring hope to families living in fear, and we help direct individuals and families to treatment resources and other recovery resources that are consistent with each families needs, preferences and resources. As independent addiction specialists, we have no affiliation with any specific treatment program, which allows us the freedom to make referrals that are most appropriate for the individual. While we honor & appreciate the legacy of 12-step recovery, we recognize that there are many other pathways to recovery. Our mission is to bring hope, guidance, support and community for individuals and families affected by substance use or mental health disorders in pursuit of a full life in recovery.
(336) 347-4979 View (336) 347-4979

See more therapy options for Charlotte

Equine Therapy Treatment Centers
Equine-assisted therapy in Charlotte can be used to treat depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and addiction. Therapy with horses helps people to achieve emotional growth and learning. At a residential equine therapy treatment center Charlotte programs are a collaborative effort between a licensed clinical therapist and a certified equine-assisted therapy counselor.

Charlotte Equine-assisted therapy for addiction is an effective form of non-traditional addiction treatment. Horses are incredibly intuitive and allow individuals to let their guard down and reduce stress. Reactions to the animal and the animal's reaction to them helps to highlight the behaviors, feelings, and relationships that have caused pain and fed an addiction.

Equine Assisted Therapy is also a unique and effective method for assisting in the treatment of eating disorders. While generally used in the beginning or aftercare stage of treatment, those who have eating disorders can build their self-confidence, talk about the underlying causes of their disorder and begin learning the power of changing behaviors. A good equine-assisted therapy program for eating disorders in Charlotte can help address the emotional issues that need to be addressed in eating disorder treatment.